1 应试

1.1 5 字决：思、准、通、转、稳

1.2 考试内容

1. 写作是雅思考试的第三部分, 在听力、阅读之后, 考试时间为考试日 (通常为周六)上午 11 点至 12点。 2. Task 1 和 Task 2 的分值权重为 3 比 7。 3. Task 2 中议论文 (Argumentation) 出题概率为 80%, 题目有两种形式： 1. 题目中给出一方观点 (反方观点隐含) 1. Do you agree or disagree? 2. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2. 题目中给出双方观点, 要求分析正反观点后下结论。 1. Some say... Others argue that... What is your opinion? 2. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 3. Express some reasons for both views and give your own opinion. 4. Do you think its advantages outweigh the disadvantages? 5. (题目中表示“优势和劣势”的同义词: positive and negative; pros and cons;, merits and demerits; benefits and drawbacks) 4. Task2 中的报告文 (Report) 出题概率为 20% 1. 题目中没有观点, 只给出一种现象, 让考生分析该现象的 causes 原因、solutions 解决方案、effects 影响等。通常题目标志词为 What are...?

1.3 考试目的

小作文：调研数据的总结分析技能；
大作文：逻辑推导论证的写作技能。

1.4 写作流程

按正常顺序, 迅速写完 Task 1, 再集中全部精力创作 Task 2
Task 2 的写作流程

1.5 写作格式

文章格式：缩进式（每段开始空 4个宇符的空格）
数字：十以下数字用英文单词表示
标点符号
1. 没有书名号和顿号。雅思写作中用双引号代替书名号，用逗号代替顿号。
2. 雅思作文中要用 to name just a few 或 and so on 来代替省略号
I, my, we 可以使用。You 最好不要使用, 可用泛指 someone, one 替代。第三人称用 he or she 表达。

1.6 评分标准

1.6.1 Task Response (TR)

要平衡布局, 不能有的段落写7句话, 有的段落写2句话; 结论段要完整、有力或升华, 不能简单重复: 要兼顾讨论正反双方观点; 回答题目中所有问题。

1.6.2 Coherence and Cohesion

在写作中要有意识地设置每个自然段的中心句。比如: 首段的最后一句、从第二段开始以后的每段首句都应该设置成该段的中心句。
文章推进始终清晰
恰当使用逻辑连接词

1.6.3 Lexical Resource

灵活性：设置同义词替换
准确性：贴切的、核心的词汇
不普通的、含义较深刻的词汇：style (文体)和 collocation (搭配)

1.6.4 Grammatical Range and Accuracy

语法的正确性
使用多种多样的复合句 (uses a variety of complex structures)。
- 作文中要写出4种不同的从句, 比如: 一篇作文中至少要写出宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句和主语从句
- 范文平均每篇 12句话, 2句话是简单句, 2 句话是并列句, 其余8句话是各种从句

1.7 学习方法

只有先输人正确的信息, 才能够在写作中保证输出的信息是正确的。
- 平时写文章前我们一定要阅读相关的范文, 大量输入和积累地道的、贴切的英文词汇和句式
读写互通：平时写任何一篇习作之前, 要花至少半小时阅读学习相关的两三篇高分范文, 吸收范文的思想、例子、地道的词语搭配和句型表达, 而后产生一种创作冲动, 即想要写一篇文章, 既包含这些范文的所有优点, 又融合自己的思想观点。

1.8 考生要掌握的逻辑技能

1.8.1 段落间逻辑

起: 你的作文中只可能出现一次“首先”, 所以你只需学会一个词：Firstly。
承: 你的作文中可能出现两次“而且” 表达递进, 所以你需学会两个词：Moreover, Besides
转: 你的作文中可能出现两次 “但是”, 所以你需学会两个词：However, But
合: 你的作文中只可能出现一次“总之”, 所以你只需学会一个词：In summary。

1.8.2 句子间逻辑

1.8.2.1 因果

Because + 句子：因为
due to + 名词：由于
So,+ 句子：所以

1.8.2.2 对比

Compared with sth....：与某事相对比
By/In contrast：与之相对比 (用于句首, 表达前后句之间的对比)
On the other hand：另一方面
On the contrary：相反 (反义词: Likewise, 同样地)

1.8.2.3 让步

While + 句子：尽管
Despite +名词：尽管

1.8.2.4 目的

In order to do sth：为了做某事…
thereby doing sth. 以此来⋯
- 高分表达
- The government should raise the public's green awareness, thereby creating a more livable environment.

1.8.2.5 举例

For example...：例如

2 词汇

2.1 常用同义词替换

人们：people, the public, individuals, citizens
年轻人：the young, juvenile, youth
老年人：the old, the elderly, senior citizens, the aged
员工：workers, employees, staff, clerks
竞争对手：rivel, competitor, opponent, adversary, contender
特点，特征：trait, feature, attribute, characteristic, quality
结果，后果：outcome, result, consequence
缺乏，缺少：lack, shortage, [[dearth]], insufficiency
标准，基准：benchmark, standard, criteria
大量的：a lot of, enormous, plenty of
可行的，可操作的：practical, feasible, workable, usable
重要的：important, essential, crucial, critical, key, pivotal
产生，造成：produce, generate, create, trigger, pose, [[engender]]
解决，处理：solve, resolve, settle, tackle, handle, deal with, cope with
使用，利用：use, utilize, employ, exploit, harness
支持，资助：support, sponsor, back up, [[subsidize]], finance
提高，推动，加强：improve, promote, enhance, strengthen, facilitate, boost
改变，转变：change, shift, alter, transform, convert
重视，强调：highlight, emphasize, underlined, underscore, pay/draw attention to
忽视，轻视：ignore, neglect, overlook, underestimate

2.2 大词

官方评分标准明确指出:6分以上的作文里必须要体现这种词汇。

2.2.1 名词

Dilemma 进退两难的局面
Infrastructure 基础设施
Compromise 妥协，折中
[[Synergy]] 协同效应，增效作用
Hierarchy 层级，等级
Strategy 策略
[[Mindset]] 思维模式
[[Paradox]] 自相矛盾的观点
Inequality 不平等，不公平
Democracy 民主，民主精神

2.2.2 动词

Collaborate 协作，合作
Optimise 使最优化
Withstand 抵挡，经受住
Undermine 破坏，逐渐损坏，暗中破坏，削弱
Impede 妨碍，阻止
Manipulate 熟练地操作，巧妙地处理，利用
Compensate 补偿，赔偿
Jeopardize 使受危险，危害
Deteriorate 使恶化
Exaggerate 夸大，夸张

2.2.3 形容词

Prosperous 繁荣的
Optimistic 乐观的
Inevitable 不可避免的，必然的
Detrimental 有害的
Demanding 过分要求，费力的，费神的
Sophisticated 老于世故的，复杂的，精致的，深奥微妙的
Sustainable 可持续的，可维持的
Potential 潜在的，可能的
[[Plausible]] 看似有道理的，看起来或表面上正确的
Overwhelming 势不可挡的，不可抗拒的

2.2.4 合成词

Win-win 双赢的
Eco-friendly 环保的
Market-oriented 市场导向的
State-of-the-art 最新型的，最尖端的
Cost-effective 节省成本的
Multi-cultural 多元文化的
Eye-catching 引人注目的
[[Thought-provoking]] 引起思考的，发人深省的
[[Know-how]] 专门技能，实践知识
Self-esteem 自尊

2.2.5 名词动化

Harbour 持有，抱有
- We should not harbor prejudice or suspicion to cultures we do not understand.
Mirror 反映
- Many of today's social problems are not new but mirror similar dilemmas from the past.
Hinge 取决于
- Humanity's ability to achieve international peaces hinges on our ability to find [[common ground]].
Shape 塑造
- University education should shape the mind and broaden horizons.
Harness 利用
- By harnessing solar and wind energy, we can help our societies become more "green".
Pool 汇聚
- Only by pooling their resources can governments hope to overcome global warming.
Mask 掩饰
- High test scores mask many students' inability to communicate effectivity in a second language.
Bridge 连接
- Governments must improve social welfare in order to bridge the gap between rich and poor.
Tailor 定制
- Each country needs to tailor a solution which meets their own particular situation.
Curb 控制
- In order to curb students' appetite for computer games, parents and schools should come up with healthy alternatives.

2.2.6 拉丁词

Vice versa 反之亦然
- Language influences culture and vice versa.
De facto 实际上，事实上
- English is the de facto international language, and people with good English skills can communicate with the world.
Per capita 人均，每人
- Increased per capita income created for many families the option of living in a rural area and working in a city.
Per se 本身，自身
- That does not mean that watching television, per se, is problematic.
Status quo 现状
- Less industrious people are merely content with the status quo.

2.3 高频词组

2.3.1 6 分动词词组

Solve the problem 解决问题
1. Whoever created this problem should solve it.
2. Create/pose/cause the problem
3. Address/fix/tackle/cope with/deal with the problem
Play a role in sth. 在某事上起作用
1. Universities play a role in training people for the workforce.
2. Play a critical/key role in sth.
3. Have an important role to play
Be responsible for sth. 对某事承担责任
1. The government should be responsible for preserving cultural heritages.
2. Have a responsibility to do sth.
3. Do one's part to do sth.
Pay attention to sth. 关注重视某事
1. People begin to pay attention to the high unemployment.
2. Pay more attention to sth.
3. Lay/place emphasis on sth.
4. Focus on sth.
Make contributions to sth. 为某事做出贡献
1. Museums make contributions to exhibition, preservation and research of ancient arts.
2. Make a great contribution to society
3. Contribute to sth.
Make an effort to do sth. 努力去做某事
1. Every citizen should make an effort to protect out environment.
2. Spare no effort to do sth.
3. Make every effort to do sth. = do one's best to do sth.
Have an effect/influence/impact on sth. 对某事产生影响
1. The popularity of mobile phones has a great effect on people's daily life.
2. Have negative/positive effects/impacts on
3. Have a serious impact on
4. Have a direct impact on
5. Have the greatest impact on
Spend time/money (in) doing sth. 花时间（金钱）在某事上
1. Nowadays, we spend too much time in commuting to work everyday.
2. Spend time/money on sth.
3. Spend more time with families
Benefit from sth. 从某事中收益
1. People can benefit from low-carbon economy.
2. Be beneficial to sth,
3. Do harm to sth.
4. Do good to sth.
5. Be harmful to/on sth.
Take steps to do sth. 采取措施做某事
1. The government must take steps to curb the housing price.
2. Take effective measures to do sth.
3. Take [[concrete]] actions to do sth.

2.3.2 7分动词词组

Improve people's living standard 提升人们的生活水平
1. The global trade has improved people's living standard.
Adapt to 适应
1. University graduates should learn to adjust and adapt to social environment.
Provide sth for sb
1. Watching TV and playing video games provide entertainment and pleasure for kids.
Rely on
1. Many regions of the world rely overly on the tourist industry to develop local economy.
Relieve stress / burden
1. Regular exercise can relive stress and reduce fatigue.
Distinguish between A and B
1. Many youngsters lack the capacity to distinguish between right and wrong.
Be involved in
1. Every citizen should be involved in environmental protection.
Be addicted to sth
1. Now many kids are addicted to playing online games.
Stem from
1. Generally, most crimes stem from poor education and poverty.
Raise the public's awareness of
1. The government should raise the public's awareness of conserving water.
Boost economic development 促进经济发展
1. Modern science and technologies largely boost economic development worldwide.
Keep pace with 并驾齐驱，跟上
1. Higher education must keep pace with the fast-paced development of modern science. 高等教育必须跟上现代科学的快速发展。
Enable sb to do sth
Invest in
1. The government should encourage companies to invest in exploiting renewable energy.
Make the most of
1. We should make the most of new technology to improve productivity.
Reach the balance between A and B
1. Nowadays, people must learn to reach a healthy balance between work and family time.
Be filled with
Suffer from
1. Many employees suffer from mental illnesses due to keen competition in the modern workplace.
Give priority to sth
1. The government should give top priority to meeting people's basic needs, such as housing and medical care.
Enact laws
1. The government should enact laws to protect endangered wild animals.

2.3.3 高分动词词组

Be worth doing
Be superior to
Be vulnerable to
1. Children may be more vulnerable to offensive images on the media than adults.
Be obsessed with
1. Modern people are becoming more obsessed with material wealth.
Be consistent with
Be compatible with
1. Economic development can be compatible with environmental protection.
Be complementary to
1. Radio and TV, in many circumstances, are not competitive but complementary to each other, and serve different for various purposes.
Be indifferent to
1. Parents can not be different to children's leisure activities.

2.4 写作话题分类总结: 万能思路与词汇

2.4.1 教育类

教育类题目概括起来可分成三大方面: 教育方式、教育内容、教育目的。不同的教育方式和教学内容都是为最终的教育目的服务的：不论哪种教学手段和教学内容, 看它是否有利于我们培养下一代在德、智、体、美、劳五大方面全面发展。

理论知识和工作技能哪个重要? (教育目的)

远程教学和传统课堂教学的优缺点? (教育方式)

2.4.2 环境类

环境问题是当今世界的一个热门话题。如今全球在该话题上最流行的词儿是 low carbon (低碳) ,所以你在作文中一定要写, 与时俱进。

题目多为环保的错误观点或解决该问题的“偏方”, 要求考生表达出上述正确观点： - 工业发展和生活水平的提升不可避免地要以牺牲环境为代价。同意否? - 解决环境问题的最佳方法为燃油提价。同意否? - 减少非必要的航班比限制用车更能保护环境。同意否? - 一次性商品充斥的社会, 原因和解决之道? - 水资源缺乏的原因和解决之道?

2.4.3 科技类

主要考查 Internet, computer, mobile phone, machinery 等现代科技对人们生活的影响

手机的坏处和好处?

网络对个人和社会的影响?

科技加大了贫富差距?

科技对雇员和雇主的好处?

飞机是现代最伟大的发明?

网上博物馆取代现实博物馆?

2.4.4 政府类

凡是政府类作文我们的写作观点都是: 政府当然有责任。

医疗服务应由政府还是营利性公司来提供? (健康医疗)

只有政府才能解决住房短缺? (住房短缺)

应该是政府还是使用者为公路建设和维护买单? (交通问题)

政府应在医疗和教育上而非剧场和体育馆上多花钱? (资源分配)

政府应在帮助穷人上而非国防上多花钱? (国防经费)

富国应帮助穷国? 经费可能被穷国政府滥用? (国家之间)

2.4.5 社会类

2.4.5.1 老人

老龄化社会是很多国家当前面临的一个趋势。 - -

2.4.5.2 儿童

孩子的身心特点是该类文章的重要论据。 - -

2.4.5.3 妇女

重点思考女性与男性之间的性格、社会角色等差异

2.4.5.4 工作与家庭

现代社会的以下三个特点导致了工作和家庭关系变化。

2.4.5.5 经济

2.4.5.6 媒体

2.4.5.7 广告

2.4.5.8 预防犯罪

熟记犯罪的原因和解决之道。

2.4.6 文化类

2.4.6.1 衣

2.4.6.2 食

#### 2.4.6.3 住 #### 2.4.6.4 行 #### 2.4.6.5 艺术娱乐 #### 2.4.6.6 语言 #### 2.4.6.7 多元文化 #### 2.4.6.8 意识形态与价值观 ## 2.5 三种拓展写作论据的思维方式

2.5.1 以人为本法

不论哪一类作文题目都离不开人。我们支持哪一方观点都是因为那么做对人的好处更大。人的需求有哪些? - 身体上 (健康) vs. 心理上 (安全、求知、自信、被尊重等); - 物质上 (生活质量的提升离不开经济基础) vs. 精神上 (文化娱乐)。

2.5.2 具体分类法

有的作文题目太泛, 我们看完题目后可以思考为:“It depends. 在一些具体情况下我支持正方; 在另一些情况下我支持反方。”

2.5.3 核心词汇法

有些题目中涉及的因素较多, 各因素问关系复杂。这类题目似难实易。我们可以抽出题目中的核心词汇, 思考它们各自的本质特点, 来获得众多论据。

3 句法

3.1 写几个复合句?

用 15 句话写出 270 字左右, 并写出 4 个左右的复合句。

3.2 要写几种复合句？

作文中要写出四种不同的从句。

3.3 六种复合句

3.3.1 宾语从句

Traditionally, the approach has been to punish criminals by placing them in prisons to pay for what they have done.

3.3.2 状语从句

3.3.2.1 If

Many medications and procedures currently in use would not exist if animal testing was banned.

3.3.2.2 While

While the economic development has made our life more comfortable, it has also polarized the society in the distribution of wealth.
While traditional buildings might look nice from the outside, the are often not very user-friendly.

3.3.3 定语从句

3.3.3.1 Who 引导，修饰“人”

Those who feel that sports stars's salaries are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent are very few.
Children who enter school at an early age are generally more confident and independent than children who stay at home with their parents.

3.3.3.2 That 引导，修饰“物”

Likewise, economics is a fundamental discipline that allows societies to be stable and move forward.
Advertisement is an effective marketing tool that almost every company uses.

3.3.3.3 逗号后加 which 引导, 修饰前面的整个句子 (非限制性定语从句)

If fuel prices go up, either fewer people will drive or people will drive less, which makes sense for reducing pollution.
Demand for various commodities creates a huge market for the local and international businesses, which in turn increases demand for the labour market.
Governments should develop and launch a good traffic control system, which can monitor and facilitate traffic flows on major roads for better and safer road usage, reducing the chances of accidents.

3.3.4 主语从句

3.3.4.1 whether 引导的主语从句

Whether mobile phones bring more harm than good to us has caused heated debate.
Whether the increase of fuel price can solve the world's environmental problem is a controversial issue.
Whether universities should provide students with practical skills or academic knowledge is a controversial issue.

3.3.4.2 先行词 it 开始的主语从句

It is obvious that we are living in an information age.
It is obvious that investing in education is investing in one's future.
It is obvious that human activities have the greatest impact on environment.

3.3.4.3 what 引导的主语从句 + not... but... 搭配

What governments should do is to create policies to encourage low carbon development.
What most companies and workforces need is not robots, but creative people who can contribute ideas.
What the poor countries need most is not money, but advanced technologies and talents in some key areas.

3.3.5 同位语从句

Nowadays, an increasing number of people are concerned about the phenomenon that our kids are spending more time watching TV.
I agree with the view that not only governments but every single citizen should do one's part to fix this problem.
The fact that we have different languages demonstrates that we have different cultures.

3.3.6 表语从句

This means that change is not always a personal option, but an inescapable fact of life.
This is because it is the rich and powerful people in out society who are able to impose changes.
Another reason for this is that old buildings, like native language, form a cultural identity and keep a unique record for a country.

3.3.7 经典句式

There are, however, some disadvantages.
1. However, there may be better ways of tackling this problem.
2. However, the reverse is also true.
not only... but also...后语法成分对等：People should be encouraged not only to be more physically active but also to adopt a healthier lifestyle in general.
议论文经典句型, 一句话介绍某观点和论据：Those who believe teenagers are the happiest people cite their lack of responsibilities as a significant factor.
井列结构和井列句让句子变长：Educating children to understand the need to obey rules and respect others always begins in the home and is widely thought to be the responsibility of parents.
背记句型 Doing sth. (方法〕 would be a more effective strategy/ method for doing sth. (目的)：Persuading manufacturers and travelers to adopt this new technology would be a more effective strategy for improving air quality, especially in cities.
一句话说清楚某观点和相关论据, 3个从句嵌套：Some educationalists think it is more effective to educate boys and girls in single-sex schools because they believe this environment reduces distractions and encourages pupils to concentrate on their studies.
当完全持中立观点时, 强调两者缺一不可：Without the natural talent, continuous training would be neither attractive nor productive, and without the training, the child would not learn how to exploit and develop their talent.
两个定语从句, 对仗工整, 突出了对比：It often seems that the amount of money they are able to earn in a short time cannot possibly be justified by the amount of work they do.
一句话交代某观点和相应的论据, 三个从句嵌套：Those who feel that sports stars' salaries are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent are very few.
not... but... 在强调自己观点正确的同时批驳反方, 夹叙夹议：This means that change is not always a personal option, but an inescapable fact of life, and we need to constantly adapt to keep pace with it.
定语从句表达对比含义：Spending time with other children and sharing non-virtual experiences is an important part of a child's development that cannot be provided by a computer.
学习主语从句; 词汇搭配地道表达：Therefore it is important that children learn at an early age to use the equipment enthusiastically and with confidence as they will need these skills throughout their studies and working lives.
简简单单首句, 朴实平淡开篇：It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after graduating from high school.
表达一系列解决方案：Governments can encourage such action by putting taxes on packaging, such as plastic bags, by providing recycling services and by fining households and shops that do not attempt to recycle their waste.
让步状语强调优势, 注意 there are many advantages to doing sth：While some people think this may be damaging to a child's development, or to a child's relationship with his or her parents, in fact there are many advantages to having school experience at a young age.

3.3.8 地道表达

thereby doing… 以此来：The government should raise the public's green awareness, thereby creating a more livable environment.
the more.. the more...：The more points of view and various backgrounds we have in politics, the healthier our system and society will be.
not to mention 更别提, 更不必说：Pollution has a negative effect on the health of everyone living in the city, not to mention the damage to the environment.
not only... but also...：Some have argued that watching TV and playing computer games are not only a waste of time, but potentially harmful.
fail to 未能; 否定词 nowhere 在句首倒装：Advertisements and commercials appear everywhere in modern society. Nowhere can you fail to see them.
far from 远非：Our experience of the Web is still far from perfect in many ways.
双重否定：
1. It is almost impossible for a person to get a decent job without a higher degree.
2. It is not uncommon that different persons entertain themselves in different ways.
强调句型：
1. It is the government that should be responsible for it.
2. I personally think that some people do have talents that are probably inherited via their genes.
恰到好处地使用一些修辞手法：
1. In a word, in modern society overwork is stealing our leisure time.
2. There is a growing tendency nowadays for some people to treat animals as living meat and walking fur.
长短向结合与插入语：如果整篇使用复杂句, 会让读者在阅读时感觉喘不过气来。这时就需要一些换气符号。
1. It is obvious that... 有时换成 Obviously 更好。
2. The result is that... 有时换成 As a result 更好。

4 15句逻辑框架

4.1 高级版本

规定了每句话的写作目的、任务, 而没有要求每句话的句型

4.2 初级版本

增加了每句话的经典句型推荐, 以保证考生的语法句型选择能和该句所表达的逻辑含义相匹配, 从而避免由于两者矛盾而导致考官阅卷时产生生搬硬套之感。 ## 4.3 逐句写出 15 句作文

4.3.1 考题

[!Warning] 这是一篇教育类的高频经典考题, 历年来考过多次, 请认真学习。

4.3.2 写作提纲

分类：教育类
观点：大学应该更注重提供学生工作相关技能
原因 1：对学生有利
- 大部分学生上大学的目的是将来好找工作
原因 2：对大学有利
- 工作所需的知识技能更新快，大学重视这些知识的研究本身也能提升进步

4.3.3 正文

4.3.3.1 首段

[!Warning] 首段写作我们要做到无错、清晰、快速。不要花太多时间在首段冥思苦想、宇斟句酌。要把更多的时问和精彩的论证思想留给文章的主体段落。首段要快速完成, 迅速进入写作状态!

第一句：背景介绍
1. Nowadays, an increasing number of people are concerned about the purpose of university education.
2. 还应掌握：
  1. Nowadays, an increasing number of people are concerned about the phenomenon that...
  2. Nowadays, an increasing number of people are concerned about the purposes that university education serves.
  3. Nowadays, more and more students are concerned about what they will learn in the universities.
  4. Universities are one of the important institutions in modern society.
3. 直接表达观点：
  1. I agree with the view that... Reasons are as follows.
第 2 句：交代辩论话题
1. 既然是辩论话题, 必然有正反双方两种观点。正方说这样做合理, 反方说这样做不合理; 正方说优势大, 反方说劣势大。所以我们必须学会的句型就是表达 “是否应该……”;“是这样…还是应该那样………”; 或者直接写 “一些人认为⋯…; 另一些人认为⋯。”这三种写法考生都应该熟练掌握, 考场上任选其一。
2. “是否应该...”
  - However, whether universities should mainly provide job-related skills to graduates is a controversial issue.
3. “是这样... 还是应该那样...”
  - However, whether universities should mainly provide job-related skills or pure knowledge to graduates has caused a heated debate.
  - However, what kind of knowledge and skills universities should mainly provide to graduates is a controversial issue.
4. “一些人认为...；另一些人认为...”
  - Some people state that universities should focus on giving access to knowledge; others believe that the knowledge and skills needed in the workplace are more important for university graduates.
第三句：交代你自己的写作观点
1. 雅思考官的一些高分范文中在文章最后一段才表明观点, 这对广大中国雅思考生来说是难以模仿的。这要求文章说理、例证和让步环环相扣, 最后水到渠成得出结论, 阅读者被潜移默化, 赞同最后的观点。而广大考生模仿的此类文章, 我读起来都属于前中部分比较迷花, 最后恍然大悟, 其实, 准确地说最后不是恍然大悟, 而是恍然有所悟。于是我会批注: The position is not clear throughout.
2. 既然我们的英语作文很难老谋深算地谋篇布局, 处处伏笔, 前后呼应, 那么我们应该在首段明确地提出写作观点。这样做其实给考官一点心理暗示, 帮助他们在接下来读到费解句子的时候, 能通过前面你的鲜明立场体会出你想表达的思想或道理, 让他们在阅读中更加地轻松。表达写作观点学习下面几种就足够了:
  1. In my view,
  2. My view is that... (表语从句)
  3. I agree with the view that ... (同位语从句), for the following reasons.
3. 如果上一句你写的是“一些人认为⋯; 另一些人认为⋯”, 接下来这句也可以更简单地写成: I mainly agree with the former (前者) / latter (后者) view for the following reasons. 不要写出 50%对 50% 的完全中立观点, 如: There is value in both sides. 这会给接下来的写作带来困难, 很容易导致立场不清晰。就好像别人问你:“他的观点是... 而她的观点是... 你的观点是什么?”而你回答:“我的观点是他们的观点都有道理。”只有超级高手才敢一开始使用此等无赖招数, 因为他们能在接下来的行文中化腐朽为神奇。
4. My view is that job-related knowledge and skills should be the main focus of universities.

4.3.3.2 第二段

[!Warning] 这一段的写作目的是以理服人。用 it is clear that... 这个主语从句写出你认为最重要、最明显的论据。那也是第一个直接进入脑海中的 idea。 that 后写一个完整的句子, 内容应该是一个众所周知的事实。

第 1 句：本段中心句
1. Firstly, it is obvious that for most students, the purpose of receiving university education is to obtain practical knowledge and skills which will enable them to become qualified employees in the job market in the future.
2. 还可掌握：
  1. Firstly, it is clear / obvious / true that...
  2. Firstly, there is on doubt that...
  3. One reason for this is that...
第 2 句：对中心句进行扩展、解释、说明。
1. 很多考生的问题是:“写完中心句了, 下一句不知道写什么。”所以该句是 15句框架模板中最难写的一句。我给大家了个句型选择, 注意这了个句型暗示了在考场上的思维方向。
2. This is because... 这是因为（想上一句话的原因）
  1. This is because most of them, after graduation, will enter the workplace, earn a living and support their own families.
3. This means that... 这意味着（想上一句话的结果）
  1. This means that the courses focusing on jobs will become the most welcomed subjects which the majority of students will select.
4. If... not...（反证中心句）
  1. If universities do not pay enough attention to such skills, most graduates will not be able to find satisfactory positions in the workplace, leading to a higher unemployment rate.
第 3 句：重申写作观点。其实是对第一段最后一句话, 也就是你的写作观点进行改写表达。
1. So universities, as service providers, have to give top priority to these customers' real needs.
2. 还推荐一个固定句型来写本向, 让写作更简化: Therefore, it is necessary/crucial/important for sb. to do sth.
  - Therefore, it is crucial for universities to give top priority to the students' real needs.

4.3.3.3 第三段

第 1 句：首句仍是该段中心句，是你绞尽脑汁想出的第二个原因论据。
1. Moreover, focusing on the job-related skills can benefit the university itself.
2. Moreover = In addition = Besides
第 2 句：中国考生的作文中有一个很大的问题: 说理太多, 缺乏具体例证。其实考官读完这么多相似观点的文章后, 感觉道理都是大同小异, 但印象最深的一定是某一篇习作中有一个具体而贴切的例子。所以, 我们必须强迫自己写: For example, ... 这种方法也回应题目中的要求:“include relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience" 。所以该段第 2 句就是举例。
1. For example, the sci-fi blockbuster "Avatar" has marked a milestone in the filmmaking industry and drawn massive interest in 3D technology.
第 3 句：上一句己经举出了《阿凡达》和 3D 的例子, 为什么我们要提这个例子呢? 接下来的这句话就是要写出我们举这个例子的原因, 并证明本段首句的正确性。
1. If a university can quickly respond, and consolidate teaching resources to offer courses about 3D, not only will its graduates be more competitive in the job market, but the university itself will keep pace with the technological development and move forward.
2. 这里没有固定句式要用, 可随意发挥, 要写出例子和中心句之间的联系。
  1. 当然还可以再举一例: Another example is sth. 然后解释说明。
  2. 如在考场上实在想不出好的例子或并列例子, 该段从第 2 句开始参考第二段的写作框架, 再讲一次道理。
仿写：For example, the AI-powered model "ChatGPT" has marked a milestone in the tech industry and drawn massive interest in AI research and applications. If a university can quickly respond, and consolidate teaching resources to offer courses about AI, not only will its graduates be more competitive in the job market, but the university itself will keep pace with the technological development and move forward.

4.3.3.4 第四段

[!Warning] 写让步段落的两大好处: 1. 大多数考生绞尽脑汁也想不出第三个原因论据。那就不要绞了, 因为上一段已经绞过了, 现在再想是在榨汁了。我们何不换一个角度, 想一想支持反方的一个原因或例子呢, 那会容易得多。 2. 兼顾了反方观点, 不会出现评分标准中因为 partly address the task 而丢分的情况。

第 1 句：我们要学习三种句式来评论反方观点, 真实考试中视情况任选一种。
1. This is not to say that ... not ... 这并不是说（反方观点完全没有道理）
  1. That is not to say that universities should not pay any attention to developing pure science and knowledge.
2. It is also true that... （反方观点中的某些方面）也是事实
  1. It is also true that universities should develop pure science and knowledge.
3. Those who harbor the view that ... believe that ... 那些持有（反方观点）的人们认为... (这个句型中包含了定语从句、同位语从句和宾语从句)
  1. Those who harbor the view that the main function of universities should be to give access to the knowledge believe that the theoretic knowledge is the foundation of any practical skill.
4. 3 句式中从句嵌套复杂, 并不建议考生勉强背通使用。因为如果整篇文章句型复杂度不高, 即使这句话语法能完全正确, 考官也能看出背诵痕迹。在讨论优势和劣势的作文中, 我们可以直接使用下列句型:
  1. This is not to say, however, that we should neglect the problems it has caused.
  2. But to acknowledge only the positive impact would be short sighted.
第 2 句：想反方观点的论据, 或在特殊、极端情况下的一些合理性。进一步说明该段第一句话。
1. 可选用 Of cause 或 Indeed 开始本句。
2. There are, of course, students interested in knowledge for its own sake, and they will later become scientists and scholars who will make greater contributions to our society.
第 3 句：让步后最终转折。表达“即便如此, 反方观点在大多数情况下还是不可行的”或“即使存在上面提到的负面, 正面影响仍是大于负面的”
1. But unfortunately these people are few and far between.
2. 可选用 But, However, Yet 等词开始本句。
3. 该段为文章次要信息, 可点到为止, 不可花费过多时间和笔墨纠缠。实在不知如何反驳了, 可用无赖写法:“(虽然反方观点也有道理) 但正方观点仍然更有道理。”
  1. But still, job-related skills are more important for most students.
  2. But still, the [[cons]] are far greater.
4. 其实本句还可以不用反驳, 再写反方第二论据, 或针对第一论据的拓展、支持、举例。不过这样处理后在结论段要表达相对中立的观点态度。

4.3.3.5 结尾段

[!Warning] 结论段重申写作观点。

第 1 句：这句话其实是针对首段最后一句话改写。
1. In summary / conclusion, 总之
2. In summary, the major function of universities should be providing most students jot-related skills, guaranteeing a high rate of employment, and thus helping the society function better.
3. 通常, 考官读完一篇作文后印象最深的会是文章中的例子和结尾段。所以该句不是简单的改写, 而应是递进或强调。可用强调句型: It is sth. that...
第 2 句：照顾反方观点。表达“同时, 我们不能忽视反方观点的价值, 或低估某事的负面影响”。
1. Meanwhile, 同时
2. Meanwhile, we should not ignore the other important roles universities are undertaking.
3. 雅思大作文中木段最好不要由一句话单独构成, 会显得你因为时间不够而草草收兵, 虎头蛇尾, 结论不够完整。当然, 除非你是超级高手, 可以用一句话高度概括全文中心, 并彰显文章思想价值。
4. 模板句式: Meanwhile, we should not ignore /neglect /overlook /underestimate sth.'s negative effects.
第 3 句：其实木段有了上面两句话已经完整了。如果要冲刺高分, 我们要再加一句话, 给文章面一个有力的句号, 或提升文章的思想境界, 立意升华。
1. By doing so we can ensure that... 由此可知
2. Only by doing so can universities maintain dynamic and sustainable development.
3. 官方 6 分评分标准中提到:“The conclusions may become unclear or repetitive” 所以要考 7 分, 结论段不能简单重复改写, 必须是有力的总结或观点升华。如果没有升华的思想, 就喊口号:
  1. By doing so we can ensure that...
  2. Only by doing so can we make sure that... (only 在句首注意倒装)
  3. 如果觉得口号喊起来很勉强, 那就果断放弃该句写作, 以免画蛇添足。

4.4 15句高级作文写作分折

[!Note] 请注意下一篇作文题目要求是 “Discuss both sides and give your own opinion”, 15 句逻辑模板同样适用。再次强调: 15 句逻辑模板适用于雅思写作中所有议论文结构, 它的分段体系本质就是"讨论正反双方观点并给出自己观点”。同时, 还请体会下面的这篇范文已经开始在 15 句的基础上弹性自由发挥了。不仅句式有变化, 而且第二段和第四段是在原有每段了句逻辑结构上的个性创作。所以, 当你练好 15 句的基本套路之后, 换句话说, 在感觉到构思行文流畅和有逻辑、有章法之后, 接下来当然可以随着写作思路自由调整, 在15 句的结构上删减或补充句子, 或选择自己熟练喜欢的句式, 形成自己的文风。

题目：孩子看电视利弊讨论
分类：社会类-儿童
观点：中立
提纲：
1. 原因 1：看电视易上瘾，对儿童身体发育不好
2. 原因 2：有不良的电视内容，对儿童心理发展不好
3. 反方：看电视有好处
正文
1. Nowadays, watching TV is one of the most important children's leisure activities.
2. However, whether it brings more than good is a controversial issue.
3. My view is that too much time spent on it surely has negative impacts on kids and parents should filter out the inappropriate programs and channels for them.
4. First, it is obvious that, with the rapid development of science and technology, TV shows are designed so vivid and attractive that not only kids but even adults are much easier to get addicted to them.
5. This means that when children spend more time sitting in front of screen, they are isolated from the real world. They do not have enough time to socialize or to engage in outdoor activities which are crucial for their for their physical growth.
6. Also, their eyesight will be weakened by staring at the screen for too long.
7. Moreover, questionable contents on TV will have negative effects on children since their minds are impressionable.
8. For example, the fact that many developing countries including China lack a TV program rating system means that children are more easily exposed to indecent TV scenes.
9. So, TV is not always a good one in the sense that parents really cannot control what comes on the screen.
10. It is also true that there are many educational and inspirational TV shows, such as Disney cartoons which enable kids to have fun in the learning process, facilitate their intellectual development and help them caring, sharing, courage, honesty and other virtues from an early age.
11. These benefits of TV on a child's education cannot be denied.
12. In sum, spending a long time watching TV is harmful and parents should either follow TV rating guidelines or carefully choose the programs for children.

5 图表类作文

5.1 介绍

前5种包含数宇信息的图表考查概率极高, 而流程图和地图每年各考查3次左右。

5.2 写作技能

5.2.1 作文固定结构

首段：The graph shows/illustrates the changes of..
第 2 段：According to the graph, ...
第 3 段：As can be seen from the second graph (which clearly highlights...), ...
末段：Overall, it is clear that ...

5.2.2 写作时态

首段介绍图表总体内容用一般现在时；
对以前的统计数宇描述用一般过去时, 对将来的趋势预测描述用一般将来时。

5.2.3 同义词替换

5.2.4 段落中连接词

5.2.5 数字前修饰

5.2.6 分数表达

5.2.7 倍数表达

The output of 1990 was 3. 5 times that of 1980.
Between these years XX almost doubled, rising from 2000 to 3900.

5.2.8 四大趋势描述

数据变化的基本趋势只有四种: 上升、下降、波动、不变。

更多灵活表达可掌握： ### 5.2.9 趋势程度修饰

5.2.10 几个高级词汇

Soar (soared) 激增 skyrocket
plummet (plummeted) 暴跌
plateau (plateaued) 高原 (上升后的) 稳定水平 reached a plateau

5.2.11 三大核心句型

5.2.11.1 主 (The number of...) + 谓 (increased/decreased) + from... to...

The number of male smokers decreased from 21% in 1960 to 17% in 2000.
The number increased dramatically and then peaked at 400 in 1990.
The number plummeted, reaching the bottom at 100 in 1998.
The average income of the staff increased by 50 percent compared with last year.
The number of marriages remained stable at this level over the next decade.
During this 25-year period the consumption of beef and lamb fell dramatically to approximately 100 grams and 55 grams respectively.
In the first quarter of this year Apple witnessed an increase of 30 percent in net profit.
Similarly, the cost of insurance saw a rising trend, growing from only 2% to 8% by 2001.
In contrast, the cost of furniture showed an opposite trend.

5.2.11.2 There be 句型

There was a downward trend of male smokers, from 21% in 1960 to 17% in 2000.
There was a sharp increase in computer use in all categories.
There was a steadily increasing tendency of personal computers in households in the US.
There was a minor fluctuation between 1930 and 1950 in India.

5.2.11.3 主语 + accounted for + 百分数 + of...

Male smokers accounted for 21% of American adults in 1960.
Males accounted for 10% of the whole workforce.
Coal provided 40.2% of whole in 1970.
Students made up nearly 20% of the group.
Food constituted over 23% of my family's expense.

5.2.12 五大忌

没有数宇极值
没有趋势对比
没有从句
没有结论
议论因果

5.3 各类图表作文

5.3.1 柱形图

特点: 题目提供的信息量大, 分类对比复杂。

解题思路: 一般按图例分类描写, 说明极值和趋势, 描述对比结果。

[!Note] 题目

These two bar graphs illustrates the changes of USA marriage and divorce rates between 1970 and 2000, and the marital status of adult Americans in two of the years.

According to the first graph, there were 2.5m marriages in both 1970 and 1980, and then decreased gradually during the next two decades, reaching to 2m in 2000. By comparison, the number of divorces first increased from 1m in 1970 to around 1.4m in 1980 and then slowly declined back to 1m in 2000.

As can be seen from the second bar graph, the percentage of married American adults dropped by more than 10%, from 70% in 1970 to less than 60% in 2000. Meanwhile, the percentage of adult American who were never married increased from about 15% in 1970 to 20% in 2000, and despite still less than 10%, the proportion of divorced adults significantly went up from 1970 to 2000. Moreover, the percentage of the widowed in 1970 and 2000 accounted for less than 10% respectively, and showed a slight drop.

Overall, it is clear that marital status of adult Americans in 2000 was not as optimistic as that of three decades ago.

[!Summary] 点评 - 学习固定结构。 - 体会三大核心句型在范文中的运用, 表达了极值和趋势。 - 切忌没有结论。不要忽视范文最后一句话, 这句话体现了你真正看到了这两幅图表的价值。这些纷繁的数字都在告诉我们一个信息: 美国人的婚姻状态没有三十年前那样乐观了!

5.3.2 表格

特点: 数字较多, 规律不明显。

解题思路: 需要从纵向和横向双向对此总结, 描述最大值和最小值。中间数宇可粗略交代。描述对比结果。

[!Note] 题目

The table illustrates percentage of consumer spending in five different countries (Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden and Turkey) in 2002. The consumer expenditures are grouped into three categories.

纵向对比

（从最大的类开始）According to the table, all people in these five nations spent most on food, drink and tobacco （最大值）. They accounted for 32.14% of consumer expenditure in Turkey, which was the highest figure among the five countries, followed by Ireland and Spain. And the lowest proportion, 15.77%, belonged to Sweden.（最大值、最小值）

（第二大类）Clothing and footwear made up the second important consumer spending. Compared with Italian people who spent 9%, the highest percentage on this category, Swede spent the least, 5.40%.（最大值、最小值）

（最小类）In terms of the last group -- leisure and education, on which people in five different countries generally spent less, the percentage in Turkey was comparatively higher, reaching to 4.35%, while that in Spain represented the lowest one: 1.98%.（最大值、最小值）

横向对比

Overall, it is clear that consumer expenditure on three categories in Turkey which was about 44% in total provided the largest proportion. People in Sweden, however, spend the least percentage of expense, about 24% on these basic living needs.

[!Summary] 总结 - 注意范文中的同义词替换手法。 - 注意每一类中的最大值和最小值必须描写, 其他数据可忽略。 - 体会最后一段的结论。

5.3.3 饼图 & 线形图

[!Note] 饼图 - 特点: 图形本身信息量少, 多以多个饼图或混合图表的题目出现。 - 解题思路: 分类描述百分比, 说明极值, 描述对比结果。

[!Note] 线形图 - 特点: 单曲线和多曲线, 趋势明显 - 解题思路: 各曲线起点、终点. 拐点数值, 变化趋势。两曲线交点说明。描述对比结果。

[!Note] 题目

These graphs illustrate the change of people's eating habits between 1970 and 2000.

According to the four pie charts, the percentage of the family's food budget spent on restaurant meals steadily increased during this period. Just 10 percent of the food budget was spent on restaurant meals in 1970, and 15 percent in 1980. That percentage more than doubled in 1990, to 35 percent, and rose again in 2000 to 50 percent.

As can be seen from the following line graph, families ate the same number of meals at fast food and sit-down restaurants, 20 meals in 1970. In 1980, families ate slightly more frequently at sit-down restaurants. However, at the end of 1980's, the popularity of the fast food caught up with that of the sit-down restaurants, and families ate about 40 meals at both fast food and sit-down restaurants per year. From then on, the number fast food meals increased much more dramatically to 90 meals in 2000, nearly doubling the number of meals they ate at sit-down restaurants.

Overall, it is clear that people spent more and more money on restaurant meals and fast food became an important option when families chose to eat out.

[!Summary] 总结 - 注意结论的全面性和准确性。 - 多个饼图出现要对比。 - 两条曲线交叉, 要描述 A 线在某个时问点超越了 B 线, 用动词: surpass, take over 或 catch up with

5.3.4 混合图表

[!Note] 题目

These two diagrams illustrate the main reasons of land degradation in the world and its different impacts on three areas during the 1990s.

According to the first pie chart, livestock's over-grazing was the biggest factor leading to the barren land, accounting for the 35%. This was followed by deforestation and over-cultivation, representing 30% and 28% respectively. Other unidentified reasons made up the left proportion, 7% collectively.

As can be seen from the second table which highlights the different situations in the three regions: North America, Europe, and Oceania, Europe was affected most seriously and 23% of land there turned into less productive, largely caused by deforestation (9.8%). Moreover, 13% of agricultural land in Oceania became worse, mainly due to over-grazing which alone contributed 11.3%. By comparison, the condition in North America was much better and only 5% of total land degraded. Over-cultivation was the major trigger there, providing 3.3%.

Overall, it is clear that at least 93% of farmland degradation worldwide was related to human activities in 1990 s and although the dominant cause varies in different continents, Europe suffered most during that period.

[!Summary] 总结 - 注意首段引言对题目的改写, 学习同义词替换。 - 表达因果关系的多种手法。 - 学习表格中数宇的挑选描写, 优先选择描述最重要的数宇信息。

5.4 图表作文复习计划

图表作文不用加人个人主观思想, 可以说是有标准答案的；

考前最迟两周开始练习小作文；

标准练习配置是各类型一篇, 共六篇。

如果还有时间, 加强练习 Bar graph 和 Mixed graphs 各一篇

6 书信类作文

你经常需要编造时间、地点、人物、事件和原因, 并且要符合常识和逻辑。
书信作文之所以简单是因为题目中直接给出 3 个写作中心点。所以书信作文的主体为 3 段, 每段视句子的复杂性写 3-4 句话即可。切记不可一点只写了 1 句, 而另一点却写了 4 句。

6.1 经典写作框架

6.2 感谢信

要有意识地使用从句。背诵句型: - I really appreciate that ... - Thank you again for your kindness and help.

考题
正文
1. Dear Mrs Smith,
2. I am writing this letter to thank you for teaching me English this summer. When I first came to the Australia, I was worried that I would not be able to speak good English. But your patience and dedication these two months have greatly improved my speaking ability in a short period of time.
3. In the beginning, I was very nervous speaking English in the class. But I soon realized many of my classmates were in the same position as me. Your encouragement was also very helpful and I became less scared of speaking in class.
4. When I came back to Beijing, I told my friends about the wonderful English teacher I had this summer. They were all jealous that my English speaking ability has improved so much.
5. School is starting again in two weeks. I am getting my school supplies and uniform ready now. I hope my summer in Sydney will help me do well in English this school year.
6. Thank you again for your kindness and for teaching me English.
7. Your sincerely,
8. Lisa

6.3 道歉信

注意到题目中是“tell them”, 所以称调是: Dear Mr. Smith and Miss. Wang 背通句型: - Please accept my sincere apology for the inconvenience caused. - If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me.

考题
正文
1. Dear Mr. Smith and Miss. Wang,
2. I am writing this letter to inform you of the changes we have made to the high-level meeting between our two companies.
3. Mr. Lee, supervisor of "Hope Project", has got a heavy heart attack recently and is currently in hospital for treatment. He is recovering well but will not be able to come back to work until 2 weeks later. As he is the very important person of this "Hope Project", we feel the meeting could not be held without him.
4. Therefore, we are rescheduling the meeting to be held one month later, on 10 o'clock, Sunday, 13 June. Also the place of the meeting has been changed from Continental Hotel to the meeting room of our branches, locating at the No. 100, Shanghai Street.
5. We are very sorry for any inconvenience caused for the change. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me.
6. Looking forward to seeing you soon!
7. Yours sincerely,
8. Tom

6.4 投诉信

注意时态和语气。背诵句型: - I am writing to complain about... - I am sorry to inform you that...

考题
正文
1. Dear Mr and Mrs Johnson,
2. I am Joe Smith and my wife Linda and I live next to you. I am writing this letter to express my dissatisfaction with your dog you keep in the garden in the backyard.
3. In the last few weeks, your dog has dug a hole under the fence between our properties. It likes to go over to our yard and dig up holes where our plants are and bury its bones there.
4. When it first happened, I tried to refilling the hole where the fence is to prevent him or her from coming again, but your dog re-dug the passageway again. This happened many times. As a result, the plants in our garden have been trampled over by your dog and its activities.
5. Is it possible for you to take your dog to the veterinarian and find out what is wrong with your dog? We would really appreciate it if your could keep the dog tied up during the day and the in the basement in the evenings.
6. Thanks for your understanding.
7. Sincerely,
8. Joe Smith

6.5 询问信

学习疑问句的使用。背诵句型: - I am wondering if... - I would be more than happy if you can give me some detailed information on...

考题
正文
1. Dear Sir or Madam,
2. I am writing this letter to request some detailed information about accommodation.
3. My name is Li Min and I will be coming to ABC College next term to study English Literature as a freshman. I will be arriving on August 17, a week before classes start so that I can make all the necessary preparations in my new study environment.
4. Can you tell what kinds of accommodation you offer students? Do foreign students live separately from domestic students, or are they mixed together? Are the rooms divided into males and females, or is it co-ed?
5. I am hoping you will be able to find suitable accommodation for my needs. If it is possible, I would prefer living with a British student so that I can practice using my English more frequently. Also, I understand that your canteen offers some Asian dishes. Can you give me more information on exactly what kinds of foods they are?
6. Thank you for welcoming me to your college and I look forward to your reply.
7. Yours faithfully,
8. Li Min

6.6 建议信

本文能读出真诚和热情, 看得出作者在构思时很 “人戏”。背通句型: - It would be better for you to... - Strongly recommend that...

考题
正文
1. Dear James,
2. I am very much looking forward to seeing you in Beijing soon! It will be a good opportunity for you to try out your Chinese language skills.
3. I will definitely take you to the Olympic Stadium, called the Bird's Nest and the Water Cube, and some of the other tourist spots in the city, including the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace. Of course we must make a trek out to the Great Wall, a place you have said you really want to visit.
4. When you come here, you can greet everyone you meet, with "Ni hao!" I am sure that once you are here, listening and talking, you will learn Chinese faster. Another good way is to listen to China Radio International, which presents shows in both Chinese and English.
5. Although it is already autumn here, the weather is still hot and humid. Just bring some T-shirts, shorts and light trousers. Definitely bring some comfortable walking shoes as we will be walking a lot and taking public transportation. Also bring your camera so that you can take lots of pictures!
6. I look forward to seeing you soon!
7. Regards,
8. Xiao Fung

6.7 申请信

要构思周全, 有说服力。如果你是老板, 读完这封信之后会自然而然地批准请假, 那么这封信就是成功的。背诵句型: - I would be very grateful if you would consider this request. - I am fully convinced that I am the right person for this position.

考题
正文
1. Dear Mr Smith,
2. I am sorry to bother you during this time when the company is especially busy, but my mother has become seriously ill and I need to go back home to see her as soon as possible.
3. Her physician contacted me, saying that even though nurses are giving her good care, it would be more helpful if I were there to look after her.
4. I am very worried about her, but at the same time know the company needs everyone to pitch in with the various projects we have already started. I plan to spend at most two weeks with my mother and then return to work as soon as possible.
5. In order for the work to continue as smoothly as possible, I recommend Vincent as the best person to look after my work while I am away. He has worked very closely with me and knows what needs to be done. Should there be any questions or problems that crop up during my absence, he can contact me by phone or email to clarify any issues.
6. Thank you very much in advance for your understanding in this matter.
7. Sincerely,
8. Xiao Hong

7 议论文

推荐至少按照十五句逻辑练习八篇文章: 教育类一篇、环境类一篇、科技类一篇、政府类一篇、社会类两篇、文化生活类两篇。

7.1 环境保护

考题
提纲
1. 观点：每个人都能起作用
2. 原因 1：环境问题是长期人类活动导致的
3. 原因 2：个人能影响政府和公司的决定
  1. 举例：如果人人不用一次性纸杯，就没有公司生产
4. 反方：政府和公司也可以改善环境，但需要个人的支持
正文
1. Nowadays, environmental protection is one of the most important challenges almost every country is facing.
2. However, whether only governments and big corporations have the resources and capabilities to preserve our environment is a controversial issue.
3. My view is that every single citizen could also make a huge difference.
4. First, it is obvious that human activities have had the greatest impact on the environment throughout history.
5. This means that both environmental degradation and preservation are the long-term process, and no single government or big company can meet this challenge alone.
6. So, whoever created the problem should solve it; environment protection needs every one of us to continuously participate in.
7. Moreover, the public's wills and behaviors have a critical influence on government polices and company strategies.
8. For example, if everyone say "no" to plastic shopping bags and paper cups, the companies that manufacture such products will switch to [[environmentally-friendly]] substitutes in order to survive in the market.
9. That is not to say that governments and large companies can not positively contribute.
10. Indeed, governments can enact laws and introduce programs to raise the public's [[ecological footprint awareness]]; companies can promote green products to change the public's consuming habits.
11. But they also need every citizen's appreciation and support to bring good results.
12. In summary, no effort is too small when we are protecting the environment.
13. Meanwhile, local authorities and organizations must [[shoulder]] their responsibility to develop a low carbon economy at the macro level.
14. Only by doing so can we assure that we will hand this beautiful planet to our next generation, and the next generation thereafter.

7.2 利用动物

考题
提纲：
1. 分类：环境类
2. 观点：人类合理利用动物是正当的。
  1. 原因 1：自然法则
  2. 原因 2：动物对人类文明贡献很大
    1. 例子：KFC, 宠物
3. 反方：滥用动物是错误的，人类需要负责保护动物的多样性和生态平衡
正文
1. Nowadays, an increasing number of people are concerned about animal protection and animal rights.
2. However, whether we should utilize animals for human purposes has recently caused a heated debate.
3. In my view, it is acceptable to reasonably use animals for the benefit of mankind and impossible to completely cut down the human's reliance on animals.
4. First, it is clear that human beings are standing at the top of the food chain of this planet.
5. This means that mankind uses animals for its own benefit, which is consistent with natural law.
6. So it is hard to say that we are doing wrong by exploiting animals for our interests.
7. Moreover, it is unrealistic to ban using animals since the history of human civilization is entwined with the history of the ways we have learned to manipulate animal resources.
8. For example, we have raised cattle food, the outcomes of animal experiments have saved many lives, and people have even kept pets to satisfy their psychological needs.
9. If using animals were prohibited, we would firstly close thousands of restaurants' franchises around the world and become vegetarians.
10. This is not to say that it is always right for people to use animals for any purpose whatsoever.
11. There are, of course, some behaviors that people hunt wild animals just for fun and kill rare animals for their expensive furs, which are not only cruel and unnecessary, but actually against long-term interests of human race.
12. Humans should shoulder their responsibilities of maintaining the diversity of wild animals and the balance of ecosystem.
13. In sum, using animals rationally for the benefit of humans is justified.
14. Meanwhile, some behaviors that are harmful to both animals and humans have to be prohibited.
15. Only by doing so can we assure that our next generation will also benefit from animal resource.

7.3 科技影响

考题
提纲
1. 分类：科技类
2. 观点：不是科技而是社会财富分配不均导致的
  1. 原因 1：政府的责任
  2. 原因 2：科技其实还能缩小贫富差距
    1. 举例：利用网站创业
3. 反方：科技使财富两极分化
正文
1. Nowadays, the application of new technologies is one of the most important ways of making millionaires such as Bill Gates.
2. However, whether the technology has also widened the gap between the rich and the poor is a controversial issue.
3. My view is that the improper distribution of social wealth, rather than an influx of modern technology, has caused such a social problem.
4. Firstly, it is obvious that the responsibility falls on the government as the one most capable and likely to solve any social issue and ensure social equality.
5. This means that, in order to bridge this wealth gap, the most effective and direct method should be taxation leverage, by which the government can us the rich people's tax money to subsidize the less fortunate.
6. So, the technology should not become a scapegoat of this issue.
7. Conversely, modern technologies indeed have provided great opportunities for the impoverished to go from rags to riches.
8. For example, many people has become wealthy by opening their own online shops on e-commerce platforms.
9. Compared with traditional companies that require large initial investment and higher operation cost, the Internet is a cheaper and more accessible platform for ordinary people to make a fortune.
10. It is also true that poor countries are getting poorer due to the lack of creative technologies.
11. Of course, this is a real phenomenon.
12. But, the right solution for those nations is just to introduce advanced technologies to improve social productivity, which is like the age-old chicken-or-egg question.
13. In summary, modern technologies plays a key role in filling the gap between the rich and poor not only for individuals, but for nations as well.
14. Meanwhile, governments must [[shoulder]] their responsibility to ensure a fair distribution of wealth in society.
15. Only by doing so can we believe that technology will serve as a catalyst for creating social wealth.

7.4 政府职能

考题
提纲
1. 分类：政府类
2. 观点：穷国最需要技术和人才
  1. 原因 1：科技是第一生产力
  2. 原因 2：富国可以帮助穷国培养人才
    1. 举例：提供奖学金
3. 反方：富国要提供金钱援助
正文
1. Nowadays, poverty is one of the most detrimental problems faced by many developing countries.
2. However, which type of international aid is most effective for them is a controversial issue.
3. In my view, what they need most is not financial aid or loans, but advanced technologies and talents in certain key areas.
4. Firstly, it is obvious that modern technologies and scientific advancement are the driving force behind rich nations.
5. This is because hi-tech products, innovations, and good management can greatly improve the productivity of a whole society, wealth is accumulated at a high speed.
6. So, to help the poor, we had better give them tools that can make a fortune.
7. Moreover, developed countries can not only send teams of experts to poor nations to build roads, dams, factories and other infrastructure, but also train talents and experts for them.
8. For example, rich countries can provide scholarships or financial help to students from poorer regions, which some famous western universities are actually doing.
9. It is also wiser way to deliver help.
10. This is not to say that rich countries should not provide aid in form of money in any case.
11. Of course, money definitely can help a country out of many urgent problems.
12. But we have to make sure that international funds are spent where people really need it rather than filling the pockets of local corrupt politicians.
13. In summary, there are some other types of aid rich countries may choose to offer more efficiently, for example, providing advanced technologies and talents that can facilitate economic growth sustainably.
14. From this sense, giving money to poor regions is not a direct aid, but an indirect form.

7.5 广告影响

考题
提纲
1. 分类：社会类-广告
2. 观点：有好有坏
  1. 原因 1：传递市场信息。
  2. 原因 2：吸引注意，引领大众。
    1. 举例：公益广告
3. 反方：不公正；强迫，垃圾邮件，广告短信，侵犯隐私
正文
1. Nowadays, advertising is a powerful marketing tool that almost every company is utilizing.
2. However, whether so many commercials have exerted more positive or negative influence on people's lives is a controversial issue.
3. My view is that everyone as a customer should have a balanced understanding of ads.
4. First, it is obvious that advertising bridges the demand and supply in the market.
5. This means that business ads on TV, radio and newspaper provide useful and valuable information about a product or service audiences, help them to compare qualities of different products and choose the most cost-effective one.
6. It is also an essential way for companies to promote their products, boost sales, make profits, and build brand images.
7. Moreover, if ads are created to be memorable and thought-provoking, they can draw public's attention and change people's attitudes and behaviors as well.
8. For example, governments often disseminate important messages to community through public service advertising.
9. It can raise the public's awareness, ranging from road safety to public health, animal rights and environmental protection, which is definitely beneficial to the whole of society.
10. It is also true that advertisements generally only claims a product's advantages and the high cost of the ads is added to the product's retail price, which is ultimately [[borne]] by customers.
11. Of course, in order to entice consumer to purchase an item, some ads are even exaggerated and misleading.
12. And more offensively, some advertising agencies illegally collect our personal information, then keep sending promotional ads through annoying junk mails and text messages.
13. In summary, advertising plays a vital role in this commercial world, which is a vivid and effective method of communication and facilitates business activity and economic growth.
14. Meanwhile, government authorities should enforce stricter standards on the advertising industry to avoid false advertising and misrepresentation, and protect the consumers' privacy and interests.

7.6 流行服饰

考题
提纲
1. 分类：社会类-服饰
2. 观点：中立观点，两者皆可，个人选择。
  1. 原因 1：穿着时尚增加自信自尊
  2. 原因 2：穿着时尚是融入流行文化、与时俱进的体现
    1. 举例：鸟叔的江南 Style
正文
1. Nowadays, the improvement of living standards is believed to have caused higher demand for fashion, because people have much more money to afford it.
2. However, there is a fear that people will lose their own individuality, and never find what they really need.
3. My view is that dressing up fashionably should be respected, and it is also correct to choose the clothes which people prefer for themselves.
4. First, it is obvious that being fashionable is healthy and brings some benefits to us,
5. This is because seeking beauty and wanting to look good are part of human nature.
6. So, when people start to wear stylish clothes like a superstar, they feel more confident and have higher self-esteem, which is of course helpful and even essential in some social and business occasions
7. Moreover, fashion is one element of popular culture.
8. For example, entertainment celebrities share their perspectives and outfits on social media.
9. Being in fashion and following idols makes people understand and become more involved in popular culture and feel up-to-date in this fast-changing world.
10. This is not to say that everyone should be fashion-conscious.
11. Certainly, it is a personal choice to put on comfortable clothes people are interested in.
12. And since fashion changes over time, it would be better for people to pay more attention to something more meaningful in life, like pursuing knowledge, loving family, and cherishing friendship.
13. In summary, fashion should be respected.
14. Meanwhile, people should have their own tastes of clothing style rather than blindly following the so-called "fashion".
15. Only by doing so can we assure that fashion become a means of self-expression rather than a mere trend to be followed.

7.7 国际贸易

考题
提纲
1. 分类：社会类-经济
2. 观点：全球贸易好处比坏处大
  1. 原因 1：创造就业机会
  2. 原因 2：提高生活质量
    1. 举例：made in China
正文
1. 引入背景：As global trade is becoming an irreversible trend, more and more people are concerned about its pros and cons.
2. 交代辩论话题：Some believe that it boosts economic development; while others point out that it is not an economical model because shipping costs and tariffs will result in nothing but a higher price of a product that consumers would have to pay, and fuel consumed during long-distance transportation will contaminate the environment.
3. 表达写作观点：My view is that global trade brings us more good than harm.
4. 第一论据，中心句：First, it is obvious that global trade has created enormous job opportunities for many countries.
5. 进一步具体阐述理由，拓展：This is because some countries's economies depend heavily on exports, and in the meantime, other countries have to import raw material or products such as oil, steel and food from their neighbors.
6. 所以，观点成立：So, global trade benefits almost every country and allows the world economy to be stable and prosperous.
7. 第二论据，中心句：Moreover, thanks to global trade, various imported goods have improved overall living standards.
8. 举例，经典个例或排比例证：For example, we are driving cars manufactured in Germany, watching movies produced by Hollywood, eating salmon imported from Japan, and wearing clothes made in China.
9. 例证解释说明：We cannot imagine what life would be like without such goods.
10. 讨论反方观点：It is also true that global trade has caused some problems.
11. 反方论据：Of course, it may intensify commercial competition and long-distance shipping has negative impacts on the environment.
12. 驳斥反方或部分同意反方观点：But, even if we could ban international trade, these problems would still exist, because people may choose to travel abroad to purchase such products.
13. 重申写作观点：In summary, global trade offers a win-win situation for both importing and exporting countries.
14. 不能忽视反方观点：Meanwhile, I believe with the development of science and technology, we can eventually figure out some ways to offset the drawbacks it has caused.
15. 思想立意提升：By doing so we can make sure that the benefits of global trade outweigh its limitations and contribute to sustainable economic growth and prosperity for nations worldwide.

7.8 多元文化 ⭐️

考题
提纲
1. 分类：文化类-多元文化
2. 观点：全球化有积极作用。
  1. 原因 1：促进各国的经济发展。
  2. 原因 2：保护各国文化，让更多的人了解各民族特点。
    1. 举例：Kungfu Panda
正文
1. 引入背景：Nowadays, an increasing number of people are concerned about the effects which globalization exerts.
2. 交代辩论话题：Some believe that globalization surely benefits most countries in different fields such as the economy, education and politics; others however, insist that it is a [[diluting]] [[national identities]].
3. 表达写作观点：My view is that globalization not only boosts economic development, but generally has positive effects on national identities.
4. 第一论据，中心句：First, it is clear that business contacts around the world contribute a lot to development.
5. 进一步具体阐述理由，拓展：This is because investments from multinational companies create many job opportunities for local residents, and as a result, improve their living standards.
6. 所以，观点成立：So, many developing countries enact polices to encourage international business and foreign investments.
7. 第二论据，中心句：Moreover, with globalized communication, national cultures and identities are more easily expressed to the outside world and receive the respect and appreciation.
8. 举例，经典个例或排比例证：For example, the animated film "Kungfu Panda", produced by Disney has become a [[blockbuster]] hit in many countries.
9. 例证解释说明：Since Kungfu and Panda are uniquely two Chinese elements, Chinese identity has been enhanced and has impressed many people around the world through this film.
10. 讨论反方观点：Those who harbor the view that cultural contacts may threaten national identities may argue that now the younger generations living in Shanghai eat hamburgers, drink coffee, work in skyscrapers and even speak English often, adapting a lifestyle similar to that of their western counterparts.
11. 反方论据：But, I think this is just a universal modern lifestyle and to protect our national identity does not mean that every Chinese should drink tea everyday or use chopsticks every meal.
12. 驳斥反方或部分同意反方观点：In fact, the essence in our value system such as moderation mindset still remains unchanged.
13. 重申写作观点：In summary, increasing business and culture contacts does play an important role in country's development.
14. 不能忽视反方观点：Meanwhile, a more prosperous economy facilitates the recognition and reservation of national culture and identity worldwide.
15. 思想立意提升： ## 7.9 生活变化
考题
提纲
1. 分类：文化类-意识形态与价值观
2. 观点：大多数变化是积极的，我们应努力适应。
  1. 原因 1：只有变化是唯一不变的。
  2. 原因 2：科技创新变革推动发展。
    1. 举例：现代信息科技。
正文
1. 引入背景：Change occurs in every aspect of people's daily life, regardless of whether we want it to happen or not.
2. 交代辩论话题：Some people do not like changes, mainly because changes bring unfamiliarity, which means the possibility of making mistakes; others, however, believe change is always a good thing.
3. 表达写作观点：My view is that the majority of changes lead to positive results, and we should adapt and keep pace with them.
4. 第一论据，中心句：First, it is obvious that change, [[per se]] is the only thing that never changes in the universe.
5. 进一步具体阐述理由，拓展：This means that although we may avoid or deny some changes that could occur, we cannot stop the whole world from changing.
6. 所以，观点成立：So, it is wiser to face the reality, appreciate these changes, and try to make the most of them.
7. 第二论据，中心句：Moreover, some changes like scientific innovations, technological inventions, and new academic theories, are driving forces behind social progress.
8. 举例，经典个例或排比例证：For example, modern information technology has already changed the world and the way people work, relax, communicate, and even receive education.
9. 例证解释说明：It has also improved the productivity of many industries as well as our living standard.
10. 讨论反方观点：This is not to say that any changes end well.
11. 反方论据：When we enjoy the benefits of changes, we sometimes lose more important things.
12. 驳斥反方或部分同意反方观点：Indeed, we have seen invaluable traditional culture fade away, both people and animals have suffered from climate change, and we are trying our best to protect the environment and ecosystem from negative changes.
13. 重申写作观点：In summary, most changes are an inevitable fact of life and we had better develop an active attitude towards them.
14. 不能忽视反方观点：
15. 思想立意提升：Meanwhile though, we have to preserve what we believe is valuable.

8 说明文

8.1 写作逻辑框架

Report (报告)类作文题目中通常包含两个问题。最常见的是题目给出一种当今社会现象, 要考生分析该现象的产生原因, 并闸述影响或提出解决方案。

8.1.1 谋篇布局

行文重点在解释原因。因为原因清晰了, 解决方法就是对症下药。雅思考官也明白考生个人对一些社会问题的解决无能为力, 主要锻炼大家认识问题、分析问题的能力。所以在文章结构上要 2 个自然段解释原因, 1 个自然段描述影响后果或解决方案。

8.1.2 万能原因

既然题目是当今社会现象, 也即是过去不常见的。那么我们就设计出作文第二段的写作框架: In the past, 是那样的。This is no longer always the case. 由于…现在是这样了。”而现在和过去的许多变化都是由于新技术 (new technology)、城市化 (urbanization)、全球化 (globalization)、工作生活节奏加快 (fast-paced work and life style) 等因素导致的。

8.1.3 万能影响和解决之道

影响可从个人、家庭和社会三个层面阐述, 也可分为好、坏两方面写作。而所有社会问题的解决之道都是: 政府有责任; 相关团体做出贡献: 公民个人提升意识、积极参与。

8.1.4 框架

因为是 Report 类作文, 回答完题目中的所有问题即可, 可以不用写第5段。如果担心宇数不够, 可快速写出模板化的第5段。

9 素材背诵

9.1 教育类

9.1.1 教育目的

题目
提纲：
1. 分类：教育
2. 观点：大学应该培养学生独立思考的能力; 因为与工作相关的技能可以自学或在工作当中习得, 而且现在公司最需求的是创新型人才。
正文：
1. 【引入背景】Universities are one of the most important institutions in modern society.
2. 【交代辩论话题】 [[Post-secondary]] education provides both general skills and knowledge and sometimes job-specific training. But which of these two should be the main focus?
3. 【表达写作观点】While many people might think the focus should only be "jobs", I believe universities play a larger social role.
4. 【第一论据】Let us consider that we live in an information age. If a student wants to learn about accounting or history or other job-specific information, they do not need to sit in a classroom to get it.
5. 【进一步具体阐述理由，扩展】Nowadays, anyone can get information and knowledge online and can learn on their own.
6. 【所以，观点成立】So surely universities aren't needed for this purpose.
7. 【第二论据，中心句】Instead, what universities should focus on is developing [[critical thinking]].
8. 【进一步具体阐述理由，扩展】Anyone can memorize facts and get on-job training, but not everyone can think and analyze. This is a far more important skill in the real world.
9. 【所以，观点成立】To be able to process information, understand it and use it, these are the skills our universities should focus on building.
10. 【讨论反方观点】That is not say that universities should not pay any attention to the workplace.
11. 【反方论据】Of course all graduates want to find good work.
12. 【驳斥反方】But if you ask most people in the workplace today, they will tell you that the specific skills required for their jobs were learned on-site. And if you ask most employers what they are looking for in employees, they will tell you that it is a mind that can "[[think outside of the box]]."
13. 【重申写作观点】So while universities play a role in training people for the [[workforce]], they primarily function as a place for training the mind.（好句）
14. 【思想立意提升】What most companies and workforces need are not robots, but creative people who can contribute ideas.(好句) Universities should be the driving force in nurturing such people.

9.1.2 教育方法

考题
提纲
1. 分类：教育类
2. 观点：远程教育和传统教育各有优势, 应结合应用。
  1. 原因 1：教师授课的优势；
  2. 原因 2：远程教学的好处；
  3. 升华：不是哪一种更好, 而是如何结合平衡。
正文
1. 引入背景：Distance learning is a relatively recent phenomenon and consequently it is somewhat controversial.
2. 交代辩论话题：With good reason, many people question whether technology can really change how we can learn. Others, however, make a convincing argument that classroom-based learning has its limitations.
3. 表达写作观点：Considering both sides, it is clear that there is value in both approaches.
4. 第一论据：Let us first consider the pros of traditional, classroom-based learning.
5. 进一步具体阐述理由，拓展：From the time of the ancient Greeks and Chinese and perhaps before, we have clung to the idea of a "teacher", one who shares his / her wisdom and expertise. This model has been tested and survived the ages. Teachers not only can share knowledge, but they can access, correct and motivate students.
6. 所以，观点成立：Truly there is great value in this.
7. 第二论据：That said, remote learning also has its own upside.
8. 举例，经典个例或排比例证：Consider, for example, students who live in remote areas without roads or funds to pay for tuition to attend a school far away. An Internet connection solves this.
9. 排比例证：Also, there is something to be said for students being more independent learners, and online learning develops this skill.
10. 讨论反方观点：So the question really is not "Which one?" but rather, "How we can combine both?"
11. 反方论据：It seems perfectly reasonable that students attend some classes in person, but also use the web to communicate with other students and professors as well as research various topics.
12. 驳斥反方或部分同意反方观点：Countries and societies need to assess which approach and balance works best for them.
13. 重申写作观点：So while we should harness the potential of new technology that makes remote learning possible, we should not neglect the importance of traditional learning.
14. 思想立意提升：Students without teachers will surely be lost; but students who simply rely on teachers for knowledge are not really learning.